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Ovaries are the female reproductive organs responsible for producing an egg each month in women of child-bearing age. Ovarian Cancer refers to the abnormal, uncontrolled growth and division of cells in and around the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or peritoneum, leading to the formation of a tumour. It is one of the more serious forms of gynecologic cancer, often progressing silently in its early stages.

Any woman born with female reproductive organs, including the ovaries and fallopian tubes, is at risk of developing ovarian cancer. It is the second most common gynecological cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women, making awareness and early detection critically important.

The main types of ovarian cancer

• Epithelial ovarian cancer: the most common type, starting in the outer lining of the ovary, fallopian tube, or peritoneum
• Germ cell ovarian cancer: develops in the cells that form eggs, typically affecting younger women

Sex cord stromal tumours: begin in the hormone-producing tissues that support the ovaries

The symptoms of ovarian cancer are often subtle and can be mistaken for common digestive or hormonal issues. However, persistent and recurring signs should not be ignored. Some of the most commonly reported symptoms include:

• Persistent pain in the abdomen, pelvis, or lower back
• Ongoing bloating or abdominal swelling
• Loss of appetite, unexplained weight loss, or nausea
• Changes in urinary habits or bowel movements
• Constant tiredness or fatigue
• Indigestion causing heartburn, bloating, or discomfort
• Presence of ovarian cysts
• Menstrual irregularities or postmenopausal bleeding

These early symptoms of ovarian cancer tend to occur more frequently over time and may worsen if left unaddressed.

The ovarian cancer survival rate varies depending on how early the disease is detected. Overall, the 5-year relative survival rate is approximately 50–54%, but outcomes improve significantly with early diagnosis. Ovarian cancer most commonly occurs in women aged 50 to 60 or older, with the median age at diagnosis being around 63. While it can happen at any age, it is rare in women under 40.

When detected at an early stage (Stage I), survival rates can be as high as 90–95%. However, if the cancer spreads to distant parts of the body, survival may decrease to around 30–40%. This highlights the importance of recognizing symptoms and seeking timely medical care.

You should consult a healthcare provider if:

• Symptoms persist for more than 2–3 weeks
• They feel unusual or different from your normal health patterns
• They gradually become more severe over time

Early detection of Ovarian Cancer significantly improves treatment outcomes. However, there is currently no reliable routine screening test for the general population, making symptom awareness, regular check-ups, and timely diagnosis essential in improving survival and overall outcomes.